The four species are four plants relevant to Sukkot, including the fruit of a citron tree (etrog), a closed frond from a palm tree, and boughs with leaves from the myrtle tree and branches with leaves from the willow tree. We recite a blessing, and hold the bundle together with the etrog. The four species are then pointed and gently shaken toward each of the four directions, plus up and down, to attest to God’s mastery over all of creation.