1.

Hanukkah lamp

In the 12th-13th century, the wall-hung types of Hanukkah lamps appeared, from which more copies, primarily made of bronze, are known in northwestern Europe. These Hanukkah lamps were hung on the doorpost, facing the mezuzah, the reminder of the miracle of exodus from Egypt. Later, it was customary to light the candles on the left of the doorpost, so by entering the apartment one could pass between two objects, each recalling a separate miracle.

2.

Hanukkah lamp

Hanukkah lamp ornated with lions. On the backrest of the brass, wall-mounted lamp two lions hold the burning flames in oil pitcher, clearly referring to the miracle of Hanukkah oil. 

3.

Hanukkah lamp

Hanukkah lamp with winged putti. Cast brass Hanukkah lamp with two baroque winged putti on the backrest.

4.

Hanukkah lamp

Hanukkah lamp with the gates of Jerusalem. The backrest of the cast brass Hanukkah menorah evokes the gates of Jerusalem.

5.

Hanukkah menorah

Folk art Hanukkah menorah. Simple, wall mounted, brass Hanukkah lamp with folk flower motifs. In the salient potholes there might have been small pots in which the Hanukkah flames were lit.

6.

Hanukkah lamp

The first bronze Hanukkah lamps depicting Judith and the cutoff head of Holofernes were made in the Renaissance Italy. Sources of the late antiquity and renaissance associated Judith with the Hasmonean family, and included her as a symbol of courage and pride in objects reminiscent of Jewish independence.